Snippet #211

Saji Koduvath, Advocate, Kottayam.

What is Easement?

Easement is a right possessed by the owner of a land (dominant land),
- to use the land of another (servient land),
- for the beneficial enjoyment of the dominant land.

Easement Does Not Confer Ownership or Possession

By virtue of easement –

No Ownership is bestowed in the (servient) land (AIR 2004 All 359; AIR 1925 Bom 335).
No Possession is obtained in the (servient) land. (2011 (2) KLT 605; AIR 1925 Bom 335).
No Substantive Interest is created in the (servient) land. (2003 (1) KLT 320; AIR 1954 All 393).

Easement (सुखाधिकार) is Well Recognised, And Circumscribed by Law

Easement is a limited right to ‘use’or ‘enjoy‘ another’s land.
It is to do, or to prevent to do, some specific thing.
It is to be exercised in a way least onerous to ‘another’s land’.
It is not a right to build and enjoy.
The right gained cannot be enlarged.
- That is, an easement of way to a particular (dominant) property cannot be extended to another property by the dominant owner; an easement for residential purpose cannot be enlarged for an industrial purpose. (Sec. 28, 29, 43 etc.)
Servient owner can use his land in any manner (without disturbing enjoyment of the easement).

According to ‘Katiyar on Easements’:

Easement is not a right to land or exclude owner.
It is not a right to permanent occupation.
It does not confer exclusive right of user/enjoyment.
And, it is not a corporeal interest in land.

Easement – Definition under the Indian Easements Act

SECTION 4 of the Indian Easements Act defines Easements as under:

“An easement is a right
which the owner or occupier of certain land possesses,
- as such,
for the beneficial enjoyment of that land
to do and continue to do something, or to prevent and continue to prevent something being done,
in or upon, or in respect of, certain other land not his own.”

Salient Limitations of Easement under the Indian Easements Act

The owner of a land only ‘uses’or ‘enjoys‘ land of another (Sec. 31)
It is only ‘enjoyment’ of soil or things ‘subsisting’ (Explanation in Sec. 4).
It allows limited enjoyment of land, and advantages from its situation: S. 7
Right be exercised in a way least onerous to ‘another’s land’: Sec. 22
Servient owner can secure full enjoyment; but, he should cause as little inconvenience: Sec. 24: 2017-2 KLT 63

It is Not a right to:

tend to total destruction of servient tenement: S. 17 (2003 (1) KLT320)
make additional burden: S. 23
make constructions in, or cultivate upon: (2003 (1) KLT 320).
prevent servient owner to use: S. 27 : 2003 (1) KLT 320
enlarge purpose of, or accustomed user: S. 28
substantially increase an easement: S. 29
prevent servient owner from obstructing excessive ‘user’ of servient land – as ‘enjoyment of easement’: S. 31
increase burden by making permanent change in do. tent: S. 43
capable of forming grant – No easement, if Not capable of forming grant (without document or registration): 1987 (2) KLT 1037.

No easement if:

right claimed is incidents of ownership.
servient property belongs to him. Easement is a right with conscious knowledge that the servient property does not belong to him. AIR 1966 Raj 265. It must also be with proper animus as to easement: AIR 1973 Mad 173.

The word ‘Servient’ is derived from ‘Serve’

Literal meaning of the word ‘servient’ is – subordinate, subservient and subject to another. Etymologically it is derived from ‘servus’ (Latin) meaning – slave or servant.

Sec. 4 Explains ‘Servient Heritages’ as under:

“Dominant and Servient Heritages and Owners: The land for the beneficial enjoyment of which the right exists is called the dominant heritage, and the owner or occupier thereof the dominant owner; the land on which the liability is imposed is called the servient heritage, and the owner or occupier thereof the servient owner.”

Thus, the land upon which the right is claimed is ‘servient’ land.

“For the Beneficial Enjoyment of that Land.“

The most outstanding clause in the definition of easement is “Beneficial Enjoyment”.

Easements are primarily for the beneficial enjoyment of dominant heritage. Easement stands as part and parcel of dominant land. The definition says that an easement is a ‘right which the owner or occupier of certain land possesses, as such’.

“As Such“

‘As such’ is used for emphasis to convey that easement is essentially connected to the dominant land, and it is inherently for the beneficial enjoyment of annexed/appertained (dominant) land; and not a right ‘in gross’ (for the benefit of individuals).

Profit-a-prendre – Indian Law Varies from English Law

Under English Law, an easement is a privilege alone; and profit-a-prendre (right to take) is not an easement. It does not allow “Removal and Appropriation” also. The Indian Easements Act purposefully used “to do something in or upon”, decisively avoiding, ‘to use’ or ‘to enjoy’; because, Indian Law allows ‘profit-a-prendre‘ [fishing, pasturing, grass-cutting for thatching, etc.]. It is allowed on Indian situations – but, without conferring substantial interest in the servient land. ‘Profit a predre’ is not appurtenant to any dominant land; and it is a right ‘in gross’ (for the benefit of individuals).

Explanation to Sec. 4 of the Indian Easements Act, 1882 reads as under:

“Explanation – In the first and second clauses of this section, the expression “land” includes also things permanently attached to the earth;
the expression “beneficial enjoyment” includes also possible convenience, remote advantage, and even a mere amenity;
and the expression “to do something” includes removal and appropriation by the dominant owner, for the beneficial enjoyment of the dominant heritage, of any part of the soil of the servient heritage, or anything growing or subsisting thereon.”

From the above Explanation it is clear that easement includes appropriation of certain tangible material things or natural resources (Profit-a-Prendre). They are further made clear by the Illustrations to various sections as shown under:

Illustn.-(d) of S.4. It speaks as to Graze cattle, take water and fish out from the tank, take timber from wood, take fallen leaves for manuring.
Illustn.- (b) of S. 22. It states about cutting thatching- grass.
Illustn.- (a) of S. 24. It refers to easement to lay pipes.

Hence, it is clear: Easement is not a mere ‘Privilege’; but, it includes:

limited (legally-recognised) enjoyment /user/interest in serviant heritage, and
a right for (expressly-recognised) profit.

Though Profit-a-prendre is allowed by Indian law considering the peculiarities of Indian situations, it is not a corporeal right. And, it does not allow maintaining a substantial interest over the servient land. No profit-a-prendre in gross also, i.e., for the benefit of individuals. On a close look, it can be seen that it is substantially related to ‘user’ of servient land.

“To do do something & ‘Removal and Appropriation‘

In State of Bihar v. Subodh Gopal Bose, AIR 1968 SC 281, our Apex Court held as under:

“By the Explanation to Sec. 4 the expression “to do something” includes removal and appropriation by the dominant owner, for the beneficial enjoyment of the dominant heritage, of any part of the soil of the servient heritage, or anything growing or subsisting thereon. A profit-a- prendre is therefore included in the definition of “easement” in Sec. 4 of the Indian Easements Act. But an easement being a right which is super-added to the ordinary common law incidents of the ownership of a dominant tenement, and which connotes a corresponding burden on a servient tenement, can only be created by grant, or by statute.”

Easement is acquired; not arise out of ‘Express Permission’

Sec. 12, Easements Act states that an easement is acquired (under grant, partition or prescription) by the owner of an immovable property. Section 12, Indian Easements Act, 1882 reads as under:

12. Who may acquire easements-An easement may be acquired by the owner of the immovable property for the beneficial enjoyment of which the right is created, or on his behalf, by any person in possession of the same.
One of two or more co-owners of immovable property may, as such, with or without the consent of the other or others, acquire an easement for the beneficial enjoyment of such property.
No lessee of immovable property can acquire, for the beneficial enjoyment of other immovable property of his own, an easement in or over the property comprised in his lease.

It is observed by the Apex Court in Bachhaj Nahar Vs. Nilima Mandal, AIR 2009 SC 1103, that the claimant of easement (prescription) should plead and prove that the right claimed was enjoyed independent of any agreement with the owner of the property over which the right is claimed, as any user with the express permission of the owner will be a licence and not an easement.

Acquisition of Easements – “Basis of Every Right of Easement is Grant”

The Indian Easements Act, 1882 refers to the different methods by which easements are acquired. They are pointed out (Ramkanya Bai v. Jagdish, AIR 2011 SC 3258) to be the following:

easements by grant: express grant by the owner of the servient heritage
easements of necessity: based on implied grants or reservations made by the owner of a servient heritage at the time of transfers or partitions
easements by prescription: it is presumed that it is acquired by peaceable and open enjoyment, without interruption for twenty years and
customary easements: it is inferred that it is acquired by virtue of a local custom.

For easement by prescription, it is not necessary that the user should be exclusive, but the claimant should exercise it under some claim existing in his own favour independently of all others.

The origin of all easements is, theoretically, grant by the servient owner. It may be express or implied. It may also be presumed from long user. It is observed in Sree Swayam Prakash Ashramam v. G. Anandavally Amma, AIR 2010 SC 622, as under:

“Theoretically all easements have their origin in some sort of grant by the servient owner. The grant may be express or it may be implied from the surrounding attendant circumstances and conduct of the parties or it may even be presumed from long user. In the case of an express grant of easement the limit thereof depends on the words used.”

In Lachhi v. Ghansara Singh, AIR 1972 HP 89, it is held as under:

“The basis of every right of easement by whatsoever method it may have been acquired, is theoretically a grant from the servient-owner.
- It may be expressed, as is mentioned in Sections 8 to 12 of the Act, or
- it may be implied from the circumstances as in Section 13 of the Act. or
- it may be presumed from long and continued user for a certain period as in Section 15 of the Act, or
- it may be inferred from a long and continued practice of user by a certain class of the public in certain locality.”

Extent of Easement – If used for several purposes, inferred for all purposes

Generally speaking, law on easement is strict and stand against unreasonably enlarging easements and imposing additional burthen on servient tenement.

But, in Cowling v Higginson (1838) 4 M & W 245, it was held as under:

“If a way has been used for several purposes, there may be a ground for inferring that there is a right of way for all purposes.”

At times the courts in India also took a pragmatic stand that easement for one purpose can be changed to another, provided there is no additional burden (agricultural purposes might be used for the purpose of a factory provided no additional burden). It can be shown that what is prohibited is “substantial increase” (as provided in Sec. 29). See:

Jesang v. Whittle, (1899) ILR 23 Bom 595,
Manchersha Sorabji v. Virjivallabhdas, (1926) ILR 50 Bom 635,
Mahammad Beari v. Badava Beari, (1931) 61 Mad LJ 58.

Easement – Enlargement & Imposing Additional Burthen.

Under the provisions of the Easements Act, the dominant owner cannot –

enlarge purpose of, or accustomed user (S. 28) and
substantially increase an easement (S. 29).
- For example, an easement of way to a particular (dominant) property cannot be extended to another property by the dominant owner; an easement for residential purpose cannot be enlarged for an industrial purpose. (Sec. 28, 29, 43 etc.)

Sec. 28 of the Easement Act reads as under:

28 Extent of easements -With respect to the extent of easements and the mode of their enjoyment, the following provisions shall take effect:-
Easement of necessity -An easement of necessity is co-extensive with the necessity as it existed when the easement was imposed.
Other easements -The extent of any other easement and the mode of its enjoyment must be fixed with reference to the probable intention of the parties, and the purpose for which the right was imposed or acquired. In the absence of evidence as to such intention and purpose-
- .(a) Right of way -A right of way of any one kind does not include a right of way of any other kind;
- (b) Right to light or air acquired by grant -The extent of a right to the passage of light or air to a certain window, door on other opening, imposed by a testamentary or non-testamentary instrument, is the quantity of light or air that entered the opening at the time the testator died or the non-testamentary instrument was made;
- (c) Prescriptive right to light or air -The extent of a prescriptive right to the passage of light or air to a certain window, door or other opening is that quantity of light or air which has been accustomed to enter that opening during the whole of the prescriptive period irrespectively of the purposes for which it has been used;
- (d) Prescriptive right to pollute air or water-The extent of a prescriptive right to pollute air or water is the extent of the pollution at the commencement of the period of user on completion of which the right arose; and
- (e) Other prescriptive rights -The extent of every other prescriptive right and the mode of its enjoyment must be determined by the accustomed user of the right.

Sec. 29 of the Easement Act reads as under:

29. Increase of easement -The dominant owner cannot, by merely altering or adding to the dominant heritage, substantially increase an easement. Where an easement has been granted or bequeathed so that its extent shall be proportionate to the extent of the dominant heritage, if the dominant heritage is increased by allution, the easement is proportionately increased, and if the dominant heritage is diminished by dilution, the easement is proportionately diminished. Save as aforesaid, no easement is effected by any change in the extent of the dominant or the servient heritage.

Existence of alternate way will End Easement of Necessity

Existence of alternate way, how ever inconvenient, will end Easement of Necessity.

See: Sree Swayam Prakash Ashramam v. G. Anandavally Amma, AIR 2010 SC 622
Gouri Amma Krishnamma v. Seethalakshmi Amma, AIR 2004 Ker 75,
Thilakraj v. Sebastian, 2014-4 Ker LT 714, 2014 KHC 5042,
Rameshchandra Bhikhabhai Patel v. Sakriben, AIR 1978 Guj 62.

In Hero Vinoth (Minor) v. Seshammal, (2006) 5 SCC 545, AIR 2006 SC 2234, it is held that an easement by grant would not get extinguished under Section 41 of the Act which relates to an easement of necessity.

Easement of Necessity is limited to Barest Necessity, however inconvenient it is

In Hero Vinoth (Minor) vs. Seshammal, (2006) 5 SCC 545, AIR 2006 SC 2234, our Apex Court held as under:

“An easement of necessity is one which is not merely necessary for the reasonable enjoyment of the dominant tenement, but one where dominant tenement cannot be used at all without the easement. The burden of the servient owner in such a case is not on the basis of any concession or grant made by him for consideration or otherwise, but it is by way of a legal obligation enabling the dominant owner to use his land. It is limited to the barest necessity however inconvenient it is irrespective of the question whether a better access could be given by the servient owner or not. When an alternate access becomes available, the legal necessity of burdening the servient owner ceases and the easement of necessity by implication of law is legally withdrawn or extinguished as statutorily recognized in Section 41. Such an easement will last only as long as the absolute necessity exists. Such a legal extinction cannot apply to an acquisition by grant and Section 41 is not applicable in such case.”

Who has the Burden to show Alternate Way

In Sree Swayam Prakash Ashramam v. G. Anandavally Amma, AIR 2010 SC 622, it is held that the plaintiff claiming easement of necessity or grant has only a primary burden to prove the absence of any alternate pathway.

“In a case where the original plaintiff was claiming easement right either as grant or as of necessity the plaintiff has only a primary burden to prove the absence of any alternate pathway. As the defendants have not proved the existence of any pathway for access to Plaint `A’ schedule property the version of the plaintiff that there is no alternate pathway shall be accepted. … The defendants have not entered the witness box to disprove the evidence led by the plaintiff.”

Who has the Onus to show Alternate Way Could Not be Used ‘As Of Right’

When the existence of alternate way is shown by the alleged servient owner of easement of necessity, the onus to prove that the way cannot be used “as of right” is upon the dominant owner. In Antony @ Anthappan v. George, LAWS(KER) 2012-11-179 it is held by t6he Kerala High Court as under:

“11. When the existence of an alternate way is shown, the appellants ought to have shown that they could not use it as of right. That is because that is a matter within the knowledge of the appellants. The appellants did not adduce evidence in that line.”

The High Court then remanded the case giving the dominant owners an opportunity to adduce evidence to show that the alternate way was not one which they were entitled to use as of right.

Implied Grant and Quasi Easement in a ‘Formed’ Way

There could be no implied grant where the easements are not continuous and non-apparent. But, in Sree Swayam Prakash Ashramam v. G. Anandavally Amma, AIR 2010 SC 622, our Apex Court found quasi easement under Section 13(b) of the Indian Easements Act over a way in the following circumstances –

Though there could be no implied grant where the easements are not continuous and non-apparent, if there is a ‘formed road’ existing over one part of the tenement for the apparent use of another portion or there is ‘some permanence in the adaptation of the tenement’ from which continuity may be inferred, an exception can be inferred (Annapurna Dutta vs. Santosh Kumar Sett, AIR 1937 Cal.661, B.K. Mukherjee, referred to).
There was implied grant of ‘B’ schedule property as pathway, which can be inferred from the circumstances for the reason that no other pathway was provided for access to dominant property and there was no objection also to the use of disputed way by the plaintiff.
An easement may arise by implication, if the intention to grant can properly be inferred either from the terms of the grant or the circumstances.
A trace of the pathway could be presumed to be in existence from the time when the plaintiff acquired the properties by separation of tenements.
Only access to the property was through disputed pathway.
It was required for the reasonable and convenient use of the plaintiff’s property and that on severance of the tenements, plaintiff can be presumed to have got a right over disputed pathway by an implied grant and also an easement of necessity.
The user was not obstructed for very long time.
There was no reason to disbelieve the plaintiff’s version that disputed way was given as grant for his use as he was a close relative of the former.
There was an apparent and continuous use which was necessary for the enjoyment of the `A’ schedule property within the meaning of Section 13(b) of the Indian Easements Act.
The defendants have not entered the witness box to disprove the evidence led by the plaintiff.
Therefore, the plaintiff was entitled to easement right in respect of the pathway.

Pleaded ‘Grant’; Not, Implied Grant – Apex Court, allowed Implied Grant

Though the plaintiff pleaded only ‘Grant’, and not, Implied Grant, our Apex Court, in Sree Swayam Prakash Ashramam v. G. Anandavally Amma, AIR 2010 SC 622, allowed Implied Grant observing as under:

“It is true that the defendant/appellant alleged that no implied grant was pleaded in the plaint. The Trial Court, in our view, was justified in holding that such pleadings were not necessary when it did not make a difference to the finding arrived at with respect to the easement by way of grant. Accordingly, there is no substance in the argument raised by the learned senior counsel for the appellants.”

Leading English cases on – Easements cannot be Increased

Following are the leading English cases extensively referred by Katiyar (on Easements) in this regard-

1. Williams v. James: [1867] LR 2 CP 577, held that ‘a right of way obtained by prescription for the purpose of carting hay to field ‘cannot be increased so as to affect the servient tenement by imposing upon it any additional burthen’.

This decision is followed in Jotindra Mohan Mitter v. Probodh Kumar Dutt, AIR 1932 Cal 249, and it was held –
“In ascertaining the extent of the right of user of a road when the condition of the adjoining property has been altered, the fact that there was plenty of room in the road had never been taken into consideration. The right must be measured according to the principle laid down by Wills, J., in Williams v. James [1867] 2 C.P. 577 as a reasonable use for the purpose of the land in the condition in which it was when the user took place, that is in the case of this mansion, in the state in which it was when the grant was made. The matter must however be looked at reasonably, and no small addition to the house would be improper. Here there had been a very large increase.

2. Wimbledon and Putney Commons Conservators v. Dixon: (1875) 1 Ch D 362, held that ‘if a right of way to a field be proved by evidence of user, however general, for whatever purpose qua field, the person who is the owner of that field cannot from that say, I have a right to turn that field into a manufactory, or into a town, and then use the way for the purpose of the manufactory or town so built.’

This decision is followed in Manchersha Sorabji Shet v. Virijvalavdas Jekisandas, (1926) 28 BomLR 1158, and it was held –
“In Wimbledon and Putney Commons Conservators v. Dixon (1875) 1 Ch D 362 it was held that the immemorial user of a right of way for all purposes for which a road was wanted in the then condition of the property, does not establish a right of way for all purposes in an altered condition of the property where that would impose a greater burden on the servient tenement. Where a road had been immemorially used to a farm not only for usual agricultural purposes, but in certain instances for carrying building materials to enlarge the farm-house and rebuild a cottage on the farm, and for carting away sand and gravel dug out of the farm, it was decided that those circumstances did not establish a right of way for carting the materials required for building a number of new houses on the land.”

3. Corporation of London v. Riggs (1880) 13 Ch. D. 798 held that a right of way of necessity is not a general right “for all purposes”; it is limited to the uses to which it had been put at the time when the action first arose or when the way of necessity was created.

This decision is followed in Manchersha Sorabji Shet v. Virijvalavdas Jekisandas, (1926) 28 BomLR 1158, and it was held –
“Again, in Corporation of London v. Riggs (1880) 13 Ch.D. 798 the head-note runs as follows :- Where the owner of a close surrounded by his own land grants the land and reserves the close, the implied right to a way of necessity to and from the close over the land operates by way of re-grant from the grantee of the land, and is limited by the necessity which created it.”

Will Easement of Necessity Ripen into a Prescriptive Easement?

In other words-

Can one claim ‘easement of necessity’ and ‘easement by prescription’ with respect to a (same) way?
Does a way that started with minimum width (say a foot-path) under the claim ‘easement of necessity’, and continued with a higher width (so that cars can be taken), in the course of time, for more than 20 years, will yield or bring-in ‘easement by prescription’?

We find answer in negative form in Tanba Nusaji Mahajan v, Pandhari Mahajan, 2004 (6) BomCR 782, 2004 (4) MhLJ 109. It is held as under:

“10. However, a way of necessity is distinguished from the right of way acquired by prescription and cannot ripen into a prescriptive easement so long as the necessity continues. A way of necessity arises by virtue of conditions entirely different from easement of way created by prescription. The former arises by implication of law out of the necessities of the case and is based upon principle of law which negative the existence of a way by continuous adverse user. The acquisition of way by adverse user is based upon the theory of the hostility of the use to the title of the person over whose lands it is acquired, while a way of necessity is based upon an implication of an intended grant and the use of it is based entirely upon such implication or consent to its use.”

“In or upon, or in respect of, certain other land not his own”

Easement is a right to do something in or upon land of another. Even if the easement involves ‘construction’, it should be of another; because, Sec. 4: Explanation reads: “land” includes also things permanently attached to earth.

If the subsisting-construction is made by, or it belongs to, dominant owner, no doubt, there will be no easement. [1987 (2) Ker LT 1037 (Bund); AIR 1915 PC 131 (Jetty); AIR 1971 SC 1878].

Vasudeva Prabhu Madhava Prabhu, AIR 1993 Ker 68 (no easement in co-ownership property)
Venkateswaraswamivari Devasthanam v. Velidandla Kanakalakshmi, AIR 1976 AP 250
Sumanlal Bhagwandas v. Naginlal Bhagwandas, AIR 1967 Guj 87,
Raychand Vanmali-das v. Maneklal Mansukhbhai, AIR 1946 Bom 266
Marghabhai Vallavbhai v. Motibhai Mithabhai, AIR 1932 Bom 513.

‘Beneficial Enjoyment‘ in Easement includes “Removal and Appropriation“

The Explanation to the definition of Easement (in Sec. 4) reads as under:

“Explanation – In the first and second clauses of this section, the expression “land” includes also things permanently attached to the earth;
the expression “beneficial enjoyment” includes also possible convenience, remote advantage, and even a mere amenity;
and the expression “to do something” includes removal and appropriation by the dominant owner, for the beneficial enjoyment of the dominant heritage, of any part of the soil of the servient heritage, or anything growing or subsisting thereon.”

Easement Not Allows to ‘Enjoy’ After Making a Construction or Cultivation.

Easement is a Right for ‘enjoyment’ of things ‘subsisting’. It is a Right for limited enjoyment, and advantages arising from its situation; and it does not allow to build-and-enjoy. It is clear from Sec. 7 which indicates that easement is only a right for limited enjoyment of (a) land and (b) advantages arising from its situation. It is also clear from the Scheme of the Act as shown under:

S. 4 An easement is a ‘right which the owner or occupier of certain land possesses’ “as such”
S.4: Illustn. (d): Graze cattle, take water and fish out from the tank, take timber from wood, take fallen leaves for manuring .
S. 7: Only a right for limited enjoyment of (a) land & (b) advantages arising from its situation. (It is stated: Easements are restrictions of (a) Exclusive right (of owner) to enjoy immovable property, (b) Rights to advantages arising from its situation)
S. 12 An easement is acquired by owner an immovable property.
S. 17: Not a right – to tend to total destruction of the servient tenement. (2003 (1) KLT 320)
S. 21 An easement must not be used for any purpose not connected with enjoyment of the dominant heritage.
S. 22: Exercise easement – least onerous to servient tenement (Illustn.- b: can cut thatching- grass, not to destroy plants)
S. 23: Not to make additional burden (Illus.- b: not to advance eaves; Illus.- d: not another pollution)
S. 24: Secure full enjoyment, but cause as little inconvenience. Illus. (a) easement to lay pipes
S. 27: Servient owner is entitled to use – consistent with easement
S. 28: Easements of necessity, Right of way, Other prescriptive rights not to enlarge purpose, accustomed user etc.
S. 29: Dominant owner Cannot substantially increase an easement
S. 31: If excessive user – servient owner may obstruct the user.
S. 43: Permanent change in the dominant heritage and the burden increased – easement is extinguished

Easement and Grant

The term ‘Grant’ is used in law to denote-

A generic term to mean ‘transfer’ of immovable property (e.g., sale, lease, gift etc.).
But, it will not be a ‘transfer’ of property; and remain as a concession, permission, settlement, grant of easement etc., if it is used in place of ‘transfer’, purposefully, to denote a lesser right.
Present, aid, help etc., and the act of a settlor of trust, or of donor of a charity.
A technical term to denote conditional-transfer of lands by sovereign especially when it is purposefully used to differentiate from ‘transfer’ of property.
More than a licence (which does not create an estate or interest) and less than an outright and unconditional ‘transfer’ of property.

Characteristics of ‘Grant’

Usually it denotes a grant by deed.
It can be with or without consideration.
Unless specifically specified, it is creation of an ‘interest’ in property (in case of easement, no interest is created; but only a right of enjoyment).
As long as the conditions are fulfilled, grant is usually irrevocable.
Conditions can also be fixed to limit the period of grant.
Inferior interest, out of an interest retained by the grantor, e.g. the grant of a lease of land by the person holding the freehold. (Collins Dictionary of Law).

Doctrine of ‘Designed Purpose‘ and Easement of Necessity

Easement of necessity can be claimed for effective user of a property, in the ordinary course for its designed purpose, if it is ‘essentially necessary’(with required width – for taking vehicles also – in case of a way).

Read Blog: Extent of Easement (Width of Way) in Easement of Necessity, Quasi Easement and Implied Grant

‘Grant’ – Salmond on Jurisprudence

What is ‘grant’ is stated in Salmond’s Jurisprudence, 12th Edition, at pages 338-339, under the heading ‘The Classes of Agreements’. According to Salmond a grant–

” is an agreement“,
“creates a right“
is NOT “a right in Personam between the parties to it”,
examples – “grants of leases, easements, charges, patents, franchises, licences and so forth“.

Salmond distinguishes ‘grant’ from other legal concepts as under.

“…. A contract is an agreement which creates an obligation or a right in personam between the parties to it.
A grant is an agreement which creates a right of any other description; examples being grants of leases, easements, charges, patents, franchises, licences and so forth.
An agreement which transfers a right may be termed generically an assignment. On which extinguishes a right is a release, discharge, or surrender.” (Quoted in H. Anraj v. Government of Tamil Nadu (& Shri Dipak Dhar v. The State of West Bengal), AIR 1986 SC 63: (1986) 1 SCC 414.)

Taken from: What is Easement? Does Right of Easement Allow to ‘Enjoy’ After Making a Construction?

Should Date of Beginning of 20 Years be pleaded?

In Justiniano Antao v. Bernadette B. Pereira, (2005) 1 SCC 471, it was pointed out as follows:

“In order to establish a right by way of prescription to the detriment of the other party, one has to show that the incumbent has been using the land as of right peacefully and openly and without any interruption for the last 20 years. There should be specific pleadings and categorical evidence in general and specifically that since what date to which date one is using the access for the last 20 years.”

Kerala High Court, in Soman Nair v. Manoj Kumar, 2014 (P. Bhavadasan, J.) distinguished the decision Justiniano Antao v. Bernadette B. Pereira, observing as under:

“12. A reading of the decision reported in Justiniano Antao’s case (cited supra) would reveal that the dictum has to be read in the context of facts of the case. That was a case where the Apex Court found that till 1984, the claimant was using another way and only thereafter the claim over the way through servient tenement was made. A vague assertion had been made in the said case that the pathway has been used for a long time. It was under those circumstances, the Apex Court had occasion to hold as mentioned above.
13. In the case on hand, the definite pleading as could be culled out from the written statement and counter claim is that defendants as well as their predecessors-in-interest have been using the pathway in question for a long time in fact for more than 30 years and this is only means of access to their property.”

Pappachan v. Alex, ILR 2023-3 Ker 523; 2023-5 KHC 10, distinguished the decision Justiniano Antao v. Bernadette B. Pereira, observing as under:

“24. In Justiniano Antao (supra) there was no pleading by the plaintiff that she used the pathway in question for a period of 20 years. Holding that in the absence of such a pleading which is elementary and essential to claim a prescriptive easement right, the Apex Court held that the date from which the right of way was started to use should have been pleaded. The pleadings set forth by the appellants in this case certainly constitute sufficient pleadings to claim easement by prescription. It is true that they did not plead as to from which date they started using that pathway. They, however, pleaded that for the last more than 35 years they have been using that pathway. In the light of such a specific pleadings the law laid down in Justiniano Antao [(2005) 1 SCC 471] does not disentitle the appellants from claiming the relief.”

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